By Christophe Depré, Jacques A. Melin, William Wijns, Roger Demeure, Frank Hammer, Jacques Pringot (auth.)
Magnetic resonance imaging turned medical in 1981 and because that point, has unfold within the usa, Europe and Japan like wild hearth. The large benefits of the strategy together with protection, very good gentle tissue distinction answer, the power to review move, the facility to photo in any aircraft or collect info in 3D and a nearly countless array of sequences able to distinguishing among disorder and basic tissue, basic and irregular blood stream make it incomparable for the analysis and examine of a number of ailments and is very worthy in learning the center and significant vessels. The authors of this ebook have understood that the key of luck of MR imaging within the examine of the center is to mix the information of anatomy of the guts, the coronary vessels, the pericardium and big vessels with the intricacies of MR imaging. it is because they cross deeply into the fundamental rules of NMR, ranging from the necessities and going then into exact innovations of buying photographs from conventional spin echo to gradient echo and extremely quick imaging techniques, akin to the multi shot and EPI. The move phenomena also are mentioned intimately from movement and magnetic box gradients diastolic pseudogating.
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Example text
Therefore, fast-flowing blood produces high intensity signals (Fig. 38). For a fast imaging technique like the FFE pulse sequence the minimum TR is around 10 ms. 56 s for a number of phase encoding steps Ny = 256. Unfortunately, this acquisition time is again too long to obtain motion free imaging or real time imaging (breathing, cardiac beats, abdominal movements) even if we reduce Ny encoding steps or if we employ the Half Fourier technique. That is why we have to use again motion synchronized devices, ECG, respiratory monitoring and gating, to reduce those artefacts.
Therefore, the SIN ratio is expressed by: (27) where Nph is the number of phase-encoding gradient steps. 3 Flow and fast imaging The flow effects encountered during the former dis- (28) leading to a less dramatic drop in SIN with increasing Nph. 2 The number of averages nay "to I = blood signol 10 = stolionary lissue signol The signal increases linearly with nay and the noise vi naY, resulting in an increase of SIN by vi nay. Signal averaging also appears to be a powerful solution to motion artefacts but penalizes acquisition time.
Clarendon Press, 1986 Petersen SB, Muller RN, Rinck PA: An Introduction to Biomedical Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Georg Thieme Verlag, 1985 Rinck PA, Petersen SB, Muller RN: An Introduction to Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Georg Thieme Verlag, 1990 Shaw D: Fourier Transform NMR Spectroscopy. Elsevier, 1984 Slichter CP: Principles of Magnetic Resonance. SpringerVerlag, 1978 Wehrli FW, Shaw D, Kneeland JB: Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Principle, Methodology, and Applications. 3 Review articles Alfidi RJ, et al: MR angiography of peripheral, carotid and coronary arteries.